http://repository.enu.kz/handle/enu/4449 2026-04-03T22:02:07Z http://repository.enu.kz/handle/enu/4455 Ways to achieve peace in Afghanistan Chamkani, A.; Yesdauletova, A.M. One of the first tasks of governments is to provide security for citizens and establish peace in the country. Without peace, no country can achieve social welfare, economic prosperity, and political growth. Therefore, governments are always trying to prevent war and provide lasting peace in their country, but the conflicting interests of some countries cause these countries to go to war. Afghanistan is a country that has been in a constant state of war for the past four decades, and its citizens have been deprived of the blessings of peace and well-being. Although optimism about peace in Afghanistan emerged after the fall of the Taliban regime in late 2001, Pakistan's continued support for the Taliban has turned it into frustration. The Afghan government's efforts over the past few years have failed to bring the Taliban to the table and bring peace to Afghanistan for a variety of reasons. This article examines how the Afghan government can use this to achieve peace in the country. 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.enu.kz/handle/enu/4454 Transformation of auxiliary mythological characters in the heroic epic of the Turkic peoples Kerimkulova, R.O.; Ibraev, Sh.I. The image of the myth in the epic of the Turkic peoples is preserved in the function of auxiliary characters. The plot, motive, and mythology of the myth have a structural meaning at different levels of the epic, as well as the image of the characters and the burden on them. Among them are a tulpar, an auxiliary, a hero's wife, or a girl in love with him, a ghost, a saint, a fairy, a diyu, etc., who saves the hero from trouble. It is no coincidence that in the heroic epic the hero's spirit is associated with the cult of ancestors. Because it is a myth that the source of unparalleled strength and courage is realized through this arrow. At first, the protagonist, although he is alone and alone, walks alone, attacks the enemy alone and goes on a campaign. If this model repeats the image of a mythical hero acting alone, then he performs a feat that an ordinary person cannot do with the help of an auxiliary character (spirit), which is in line with the same mythical logic. The problem here is not only that the supporting character is in a mythical image, but also that the pattern of action of the epic hero repeats the mythical model. This is a sign that both the skeleton of the myth and the system of images are repeated in the epic. Of course, it is obvious that epic has changed and adapted to nature. We notice that the image and activity of the auxiliary mythological characters in the heroic epos of the Turkic peoples relate to the history of the formation of the epic genre. They are in the plot of the epic together with the protagonist of the epic. Actions and concepts such as ancestral cult, communication with other worlds, the help of heroes to help the hero to win, to achieve his goals are derived from the model of myth. 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.enu.kz/handle/enu/4453 Political involvement o of citizens of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on the example of parliamentary elections: comparative analysis Nurtazina, R.А.; Serikzhanova, А.Т. In the context of globalization, the issue of modernization of the process of transformation of the political systems of the states of the Central Asian region has been updated. The processes of self-identification and modeling of the political courses of development of the Central Asian states, as well as the determination of priorities for the political participation of citizens, which have taken place over the past three decades since independence, make the article relevant. The article deals with topical issues of political involvement of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Kyrgyzstan at the present stage. There is considered a brief history of the formation of parliamentarism in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. There has been compiled chronology of the process of elections of deputies of Parliament and protest actions and the consequences of the elections. The authors have carried out an analysis of the political participation of citizens of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, characterized by a certain similarity in the functioning of political systems. 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.enu.kz/handle/enu/4452 Venezuela: the crisis of the socialist model Kulumzhanova, A.M. Historically, Venezuela was one of the dynamically developing countries in Latin America, a major producer and exporter of oil, but internal social conflicts distracted the efficiency of the oil and cement industries, ferrous metallurgy, and telecommunications. Since the beginning 2014, the country has been in a state of the socioeconomic and political crises, which resulted in a recession in the welfare of the country’s citizens, the level of unemployment, poverty and social inequality rose sharply, and reached phenomenal record of negative indicators. The unstable situation in the oil market, economic sanctions of the US exert great pressure on the country’s economy, creating obstacles to the restoration of the previous volumes of oil production, which was the main source of state budget. 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z