Development of the Architecture of Residential Buildings from the Beginning of XX to XXI Century (By the Example of Astana)

Abstract

This work provides a historical overview of the formation of the architecture of residential buildings in Astana, where the stages of the period from the second half of the 1930s of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century are identified, the definition of features of which is characterized by the activity of housing construction and the importance of the role of the city in the socio-economic life of the country. As a result of the study, during the period under consideration, three stages were identified within which there was an active formation of residential development in Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, and Astana. The first stage from the 30s to the middle of the 50s of the XX century is characterized by the development of industry and the importance of the city as a railway junction in Central Kazakhstan. This stage of housing development implies three periods: pre-war (1936–1940), military period (1941–1945), and post-war period (1946–1953). The second stage from the mid-50s to the early 90s of the XX century is the development of Tselinograd and is associated with the development of virgin lands as well as with the current stage in the development of Soviet architecture. At the third stage (the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries), the city that has acquired the status of the capital of a sovereign state becomes its political, cultural, and spiritual center. The article is based on archival materials collected by one of the authors, Toyshiyeva A.A., in the state archives of Astana, as well as on the materials of a field survey of residential buildings in the city of Astana. As a result, the features of the construction of residential buildings within the established periods are shown, along with their formation in the wake of the search for new architectural and planning, space-spatial, and urban planning solutions in the context of socio-economic transformations in the development of society