Intelligence of Kazakh: Idea of national liberation in literary works of Alash figures (XIX-XX)

Abstract

Relevance. This article highlights the historical context of Kazakhstan's struggle for independence amidst Russian colonial policies, underscoring the importance of literary works as a means of cultural and political resistance. Purpose. The primary aim is to explore the contributions of the Alash Orda movement and key figures like Alikhan Bokeikhanov, Akhmet Baitursynov, Mirzhakyp Dulatov, and Magzhan Zhumabayev in fostering a sense of national identity and resistance against colonial domination. It examines the use of literature and journalism by the Kazakh intelligentsia to inspire and educate the populace, aiming to understand their role in the broader struggle for Kazakh independence. Methodology. The study employs a historical and literary analysis of primary and secondary sources, including poems, newspapers, and manifestos, to trace the evolution of the national liberation idea among the Kazakh intelligentsia. It also considers academic works and analyses by historians and literary critics to provide a comprehensive overview of the period and the impact of Alash Orda on Kazakh nationalism. Results. The analysis reveals that despite facing severe repression, including imprisonment and execution, members of the Alash movement significantly contributed to the awakening of Kazakh national consciousness. Their literary and journalistic works, such as the publications of "Kazakh" and "Awake Kazakh", played a crucial role in mobilizing the Kazakh people against colonial rule and in advocating for independence and cultural preservation. Conclusions. The article concludes that the Kazakh intelligentsia's efforts in the national liberation movement were instrumental in shaping the modern Kazakh national identity. Their legacy continues to inspire current and future generations, emphasizing the significance of cultural and political activism in achieving national sovereignty. The study underscores the need for continued research into the contributions of these figures to fully appreciate their impact on Kazakhstan's history and identity.