Environmental Sustainability and Carbon Footprint of Tourism: A Study of a Natural Park in Northeastern Kazakhstan

Abstract

This study aims to assess the environmental sustainability and carbon footprint of tourism in Bayanaul State National Park (Kazakhstan) using the GSTC criteria and the Protocol on Greenhouse Gas Emissions. As part of the work, surveys and interviews were conducted with representatives of the tourism industry, administration officials and environmental organizations to analyze awareness of the principles of sustainable tourism, existing barriers and opportunities to increase sustainability. The results showed that the main contribution to the carbon footprint (530 tons of CO2-eq.) is made by indirect emissions (57%) related to procurement and logistics as well as coal heating (20.5%). Based on the expert assessment method, key factors were identified, such as increased energy efficiency, the introduction of renewable energy sources, separate waste collection and recycling, the transparency of financial management and educational programs for tourists and employees. Based on these factors, a model of sustainable tourism management has been developed, adapted to regional peculiarities. This model provides for the active involvement of the state, business and the local community, and introduces mechanisms to reduce the carbon footprint and increase environmental sustainability. The theoretical contribution of the study is the adaptation of GSTC standards to the conditions of Kazakhstan and the development of a sustainable tourism management model that takes into account local characteristics. The results obtained provide a practical basis for reducing the negative impact of tourism on the environment, improving environmental sustainability and creating conditions for further research and the introduction of sustainable practices.