Abstract:
The given research employs high-resolution air quality monitoring and contemporary
statistical methods to address gaps in understanding the urban air pollution in Pavlodar, a city
with a significant industrial presence and promising touristic potential. Using mobile air quality
sensors for detailed spatial data collection, the research aims to quantify concentrations of particulate
matter (PM2.5, PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2
), sulfur dioxide (SO2
), and
ground-level ozone (O3
); assess their distribution; and identify key influencing factors. In this study,
we employed Geographic Information Systems (GISs) for spatial analysis, integrating multi-level
B-spline interpolation to model spatial variability. Correlation analysis and structural equation
modeling were utilized to explore the relationships between variables, while regression analysis was
conducted to quantify these relationships. These techniques were crucial for accurately mapping
and interpreting spatial patterns and their underlying factors. The study identifies PM2.5 and NO2
as the primary contributors to air pollution in Pavlodar, with NO2 exceeding the 24 h threshold in
87.38% of locations and PM2.5 showing the highest individual air quality index (AQI) in 75.7% of
cases. Correlation analysis reveals a positive association between PM2.5 and AQI and a negative
correlation between NO2 and AQI, likely due to the dominant influence of PM2.5 in AQI calculations.
Structural equation modeling (SEM) further underscores PM2.5 as the most significant impactor
on AQI, while NO2 shows no significant direct impact. Humidity is positively correlated with
AQI, though this relationship is context-specific to seasonal patterns observed in May. The sectoral
analysis of landscape indices reveals weak correlations between the green space ratio (GSR) and
air quality, indicating that while vegetation reduces pollutants, its impact is minimal due to urban
planting density. The road ratio (RR) lacks sufficient statistical evidence to draw conclusions about
its effect on air quality, possibly due to the methodology used. Spatial variability in pollutant
concentrations is evident, with increasing PM2.5, PM10, and AQI towards the east-northeast, likely
influenced by industrial activities and prevailing wind patterns. In contrast, NO2 pollution does
not show a clear geographic pattern, indicating vehicular emissions as its primary source. Spatial
interpolation highlights pollution hotspots near industrial zones, posing health risks to vulnerable
populations. While the city’s overall AQI is considered “moderate”, the study highlights the necessity
of implementing measures to improve air quality in Pavlodar. This will not only enhance the city’s
attractiveness to tourists but also support its sustainable development as an industrial center.
