Abstract:
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system represents the most
polymorphic segment within human DNA sequences and constitutes a core component of
immune defense responses and in understanding population genetics. This research investigates the distribution of HLA class I and II polymorphisms across different ethnic groups
in Kazakhstan, offering valuable insights into the genetic diversity and demographic evolution within this region. Methods: We performed an in-depth examination of HLA class I
and II polymorphisms across diverse ethnic communities living in Kazakhstan, including
Kazakhs, Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Germans, Tatars, and Koreans. Utilizing data
from high-resolution HLA typing studies allowed us to assess allele frequencies alongside
haplotype distributions while analyzing genetic interrelations between these populations.
Additionally, we performed comparative assessments with global HLA databases to determine the genetic affiliations between these groups and their relationships with neighboring
and more distant populations. Results: Our study revealed over 200 HLA alleles within
the analyzed populations, and significant variations were observed in their allele and haplotype frequencies. Notably, the Kazakh group exhibited strong genetic ties to Asian and
Siberian demographics; conversely, other ethnicities showed associations reflective of their
historical roots. Notable alleles included HLA-A*02:01, B*07:02, C*07:02, DRB1*07:01, and
DQB1*03:01, commonly observed across various groups. Linkage disequilibrium analysis
revealed the presence of population-specific haplotypes, highlighting distinct genetic structures within these communities. Conclusions: The findings highlight the significant genetic
diversity in Kazakhstan, influenced by its geographical location at the crossroads of Europe
and Asia. These results are pertinent to immunogenetics, transplantation medicine, and
personalized healthcare within Kazakhstan and adjacent regions. Future research should
expand the sample size and explore disease associations to enhance our comprehension of
HLA genetics across Central Asia.
